What are the labia?

The labia are part of the female external genitals, also called the vulva.

These folds of skin help protect the clitoris, the opening of the vagina and the urethra. The labia also play a role in sexual sensation.

There are 2 pairs of labia:

• labia majora — these are the outer folds of skin and are usually larger and may be covered with pubic hair
• labia minora — these are the smaller inner lips around your vaginal and urethral opening

What are the symptoms of labia problems?

You might notice:

• burning or itching
• pain
• redness
• swelling
• cracked or split skin
• a change in skin colour
• unusual discharge from your vagina

What health conditions may affect the labia?

The labia may be affected by several health conditions. These may include:

• skin problems
• infections
• cysts
• cancer

Skin conditions

The labia can be affected by skin problems, such as:

• dermatitis — irritation caused by soaps, perfumes, pads or underwear
• eczema or psoriasis — skin conditions that may cause redness, itching, flaky or thickened skin
• ingrown hairs— often caused by shaving or wearing tight clothes

Infections

The labia may become infected by bacteria or fungi. Common infections include:

• vaginal thrush
• folliculitis — infected hair follicles
• cellulitis — a bacterial skin infection
• bacterial vaginosis— a bacterial infection of the vagina

Some infections are passed on through sexual contact or skin-to-skin contact, such as:

• genital herpes — painful blisters or sores caused by the herpes simplex virus(HSV)
• human papillomavirus (HPV) — may cause genital warts and can sometimes lead to cancer
• syphilis — a bacterial infection that may cause painless sores and rashes
• pubic lice — tiny parasites that live in pubic hair and cause itching and irritation
• scabies — tiny mites that burrow into the skin and cause itchy rashes

Cysts

Cysts are fluid-filled lumps and can form on or near the labia. Most are harmless and go away on their own. Some cysts may become painful or infected.

An example is a Bartholin's cyst.

Vulval cancer

Vulval cancer is rare. Some cancer types can develop in your vulval area, so don't ignore any unusual lumps.

How can size and shape affect my labia?

The size, shape and colour of the labia are different for everyone. They may not be the same on both sides. Your labia may also change as you get older or when your hormones change.

Labial hypertrophy and labiaplasty

Labial hypertrophy is when one or both labia minora are larger than usual.

Labial hypertrophy is harmless but it may feel uncomfortable or you may find it embarrassing. It might make it difficult to keep your labia clean.

Labiaplasty is a type of surgery for people who are negatively affected by labial hypertrophy.

Fused labia

Fused labia happens when the labia minora are joined together. This is common in children before puberty. During puberty, hormones usually help fix the problem naturally.

Most children don't feel any symptoms. Some may have problems with urinating (weeing) or irritation. If your child is having problems because of fused labia, they may need medical treatment.

When should I see my doctor?

See your doctor if you have symptoms of labia problems. Also see your doctor if you have other labia symptoms that worry you.

You can ask to see a female doctor if you prefer.

How are labia problems diagnosed?

Your doctor may start by looking at the area. They may also ask about your symptoms.

If they think you may have an infection, your doctor may take small samples of your skin, sores or discharge to test in a laboratory. Other tests may include urine tests or blood tests.

They may also recommend a scan, such as an ultrasound or MRI scan, to check a lump or swelling for cancer.

How are labia problems treated?

Treatment for labia problems depends on the cause. Some conditions may go away on their own. Others may need medicine or a medical procedure. Your doctor will recommend the best treatment based on your symptoms and test results.

If you have a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects your labia, it's also important to:

• tell your sexual partner(s) so they can get tested
• avoid sexual activity until treatment is complete and symptoms are gone
• use protection, such as condoms

Resources and support

• Women's Health Victoria hosts the Labia Library where you can see what different labia may look like.
• Jean Hailes for Women's Health has information and support on a range of topics.
• The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne has information about labial fusion.
• The Department of Health and Aged Care has sexual health resources.

You can also call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Languages other than English

• Multicultural Health Communication service offers translated information on pubic lice and genital wart virus infections (HPV).