What is hearing loss?

Hearing loss makes it difficult or impossible to hear speech and other sounds. There are different types of hearing loss, and they can range from mild, moderate, severe, or profound. Some types of hearing loss are temporary, and some are permanent.

Around 1 in 6 Australians experience hearing loss.

What causes hearing loss?

Hearing loss can be caused by a problem in any part of your hearing pathway. This can be from your outer and middle ear through to your inner ear and the nerve to your brain.

Some people are born with low hearing. Other people develop hearing loss later because of a health condition. The most common causes are ageing and being exposed to loud noise.

People who work in loud environments are at higher risk. This includes construction workers, musicians, farmers, miners and military personnel. Listening to loud music with headphones or at clubs or gyms also puts you at risk.

Most people find their hearing gets worse as they get older. Hearing loss can also be genetic.

What types of hearing loss are there?

The type of hearing loss you have depends on which part of your hearing pathway is affected.

Auditory processing disorders

These occur when your brain has trouble processing sound. This makes it hard to understand speech or to know where sounds are coming from.

Conductive hearing loss

This is when there is a problem with your outer or middle ear, so sound cannot pass through to your inner ear. It may be caused by:

• ear wax
• an ear infection
• a torn ear drum
• fluid in your middle ear
• abnormal bone growth in your middle ear (known as otosclerosis)

Conductive hearing loss is more common in children and Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. It can sometimes be treated.

Sensorineural hearing Loss

This occurs when there is a problem with your cochlea, which is the hearing organ in your inner ear, or your auditory (hearing) nerve. It may be caused by:

• ageing (known as presbycusis)
• exposure to loud noise (known as noise-induced hearing loss)
• infections
• Meniere’s disease
• head injuries
• some medicines and chemicals

Sensorineural hearing loss is often permanent.

Mixed hearing loss

With this type, there is both conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss.

What is presbycusis?

Presbycusis is a type of sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing gradually deteriorates as you age because of all the noise you’ve been exposed to over time. It affects about 3 to 4 in every 10 people over age 65.

It is usually caused by a loss of hair cells in your cochlea. Your cochlea contains thousands of hair cells. These pick up sound vibrations from your middle ear and send them as signals through your hearing nerve to your brain. If you have been exposed to a lot of loud noise, this can make presbycusis start at a younger age.

Presbycusis usually affects high pitched sounds first. Over time, it affects sounds that are lower pitched. This can cause:

• difficulty telling the difference between the sounds of certain letters
• difficulty understanding people talking when there is a lot of background noise

What are the symptoms of hearing loss?

The first signs of hearing loss can be hard to notice because they usually come on gradually. They might include:

• having trouble hearing in noisy places
• having trouble hearing people on the phone or if they’re not facing you
• often asking people to repeat themselves
• hearing sounds as muffled, as though people are mumbling
• needing to have the TV up louder than other people
• often missing your phone or the doorbell ringing
• hearing buzzing or ringing in your ears
• avoiding situations because you have trouble hearing

Your child might have hearing loss if:

• they don’t startle at a loud noise or turn their head towards a sound
• they start speaking later than other children their age
• their speech is unclear, compared with other children their age
• they want the TV volume up high
• they don’t understand and follow instructions as well as other children their age
• they need people to repeat themselves
• they're struggling at school

Find out more about hearing loss in children on the Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website.

What if I only lose hearing in one ear?

It’s possible to lose hearing in one ear from a number of different causes. It is not caused by ageing, which affects both ears. If you have hearing loss in one ear, it’s especially important to protect the hearing in your other ear.

If you have normal hearing in your other ear, you will probably be able to hear and communicate normally most of the time. You may find it harder to hear when there is background noise. This is evident especially if the person speaking to you is on your ‘bad’ side.

You will probably have trouble working out where sound is coming from. Be careful when you’re crossing the road, driving or doing anything else where you need to know the direction of a sound to stay safe.

When should I seek help?

If you are concerned about your hearing and are experiencing any of the symptoms of hearing loss, see an audiologist for a hearing test. A hearing test can check the type of hearing loss you have and how severe it is.

You can make an appointment at an audiology clinic without a referral from a doctor. Find an audiology clinic near you with healthdirect’s Service Finder.

If you’re not sure, you might consider doing an online hearing test. This test is only a guide and is not as accurate as a hearing test performed by an audiologist.

What treatment will I need for hearing loss?

If you have a type of hearing loss that cannot be reversed, there are devices available that can help you improve your hearing, including:

• hearing aids
• cochlear implants
• other surgical implants
• assistive listening devices such as personal amplifiers and headphones
• phone apps

You can find out more about technology for hearing loss at Hearing Australia’s website.

The Australian Government’s Hearing Services Program provides eligible people with fully subsidised hearing assessments, hearing devices and other support services. You can find out more on the program’s website.

What does it mean if I suddenly lose my hearing?

Sudden onset hearing loss occurs when you suddenly lose hearing over less than 3 days. Sometimes people wake up with hearing loss. It may be conductive or sensorineural. This is an emergency.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss can be caused by many things. These include infection, stroke, head injury, medicines or other health conditions. In most cases, no cause is found. You might also have tinnitus, dizziness, nausea and vomiting and your ear may feel full or blocked.

If you are treated quickly, you will have a better chance of recovery. If no cause is found, you might be prescribed a steroid medicine, which can help your hearing recover. In some people, hearing loss will be permanent.

Sudden conductive hearing loss can also have many causes, such as wax, ear infection, ear syringing or injury. You may also have pain and tinnitus. If it is caused by wax, it may happen after swimming or showering. See a doctor immediately to make sure there’s no other cause and find out what treatment you might need.

Can I prevent hearing loss?

Most types of hearing loss are permanent, so it’s important to prevent hearing loss before it occurs. If you do have damage to your hearing, you can still try to stop it from getting worse.

The best way to protect your hearing is to limit your exposure to loud noises. That means both loud noises on individual occasions, and over the course of your lifetime.

An event or activity is too loud and can damage your hearing if afterwards you hear ringing in your ears, your ears feel full or sounds seem softer.

To prevent damage to your hearing:

• Keep your music, TV and radio down — you should be able to easily understand someone talking one metre away.
• If you use headphones or earphones, keep the volume down. It shouldn’t be loud enough for someone next to you to hear.
• Wear earplugs or ear protection equipment, such as earmuffs, in noisy workplaces and for noisy activities, such as mowing the lawn.
• Take breaks from loud environments if you can.
• If you can, use headphones or earphones that block background noise.
• At clubs, live music events and other loud places, wear earplugs. Take frequent breaks and stand further away from the speakers.

Workplaces have rules about noise levels. If you work in a noisy environment, you should have access to ear protection. If not, speak to your workplace’s occupational health and safety officer.

You can use Know Your Noise’s online risk calculator to work out if you are exposed to too much noise.

Resources and support

• The Australian Government Hearing Services Program provides subsidised hearing services for eligible people.
• You can also access a guide to hearing technology through the Department of Health and Aged Care website.
• The National Relay Service allows people with hearing loss or deafness to make free phone calls 24 hours a day. These include calls using the internet, SMS and video.
• Hearing Australia provides information on hearing loss in adults and children, as well as details on hearing technologies. They also offer an online hearing check and an audio test.
• Pregnancy, Birth and Baby has information on hearing loss in children.
• You can call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available to speak with 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.