What is a brain tumour?

A brain tumour is a growth of abnormal cells in your brain. Your brain controls all the parts of your body and its functions, and it produces your thoughts. Depending on where it is, a tumour in your brain can affect these functions.

Tumours can be benign or malignant.

A benign tumour grows slowly and stays in one place. It is unlikely to spread to another part of your brain or the rest of your body.

Benign tumours are not cancerous. A benign brain tumour may still cause damage just by being there and pressing on your brain or nearby structures. This can be life-threatening and may need urgent treatment.

A malignant tumour is cancerous. It can spread to other areas of your brain or your spinal cord. It can also be called brain cancer.

Types of brain tumours

Brain tumours can be classed as 'primary' or 'secondary':

• A primary brain tumour is a tumour that has started in the brain.
• A secondary brain tumour is a cancer from elsewhere in the body that has spread (metastasised) to the brain.

There are many types of brain tumours. Together with tumours of the spinal cord, they are called central nervous system (CNS) tumours.

Primary brain tumours

Brain tumours are usually named according to the type of cell they started in. Some common types of primary brain tumours include:

• gliomas (including astrocytomas and glioblastomas) — which start in glial cells, a type of cell found in all different parts of the brain. This is the most common type of brain tumour.
• meningiomas — which start in the meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord)
• medulloblastomas — which start in the cerebellum at the lower back of the head

Secondary brain tumours

If cancer cells from a primary tumour spread to another part of the body, they are called secondary tumours (metastases).

Most types of cancer can spread to the brain, forming secondary brain cancers. The types of cancer that most commonly spread to the brain include:

• melanoma
• bowel cancer
• breast cancer
• kidney cancer
• lung cancer

What are the symptoms of a brain tumour?

Brain tumours have a range of symptoms that vary depending on where the tumour is, what type it is and its size.

Symptoms may include:

• headaches — these are often the first symptom of a brain tumour
• seizures
• problems with balance and coordination
• weakness on one side or part of the body
• nausea and vomiting
• confusion, drowsiness and fatigue
• dizziness or loss of consciousness

You might also experience changes to:

• your vision, hearing or speech
• your sense of smell or taste
• your personality and how you behave (e.g. irritability or moodiness)
• how you think
• hormone levels
• your memory

Slow-growing brain tumours may not have any symptoms at first.

Brain tumour symptoms in children

If your child is having a seizure, call triple zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance.

Brain tumours in children may cause symptoms including:

• headaches that don't go away
• recurrent vomiting
• behavioural changes
• abnormal eye movements
• balance and coordination problems
• seizures

They may have blurred or double vision, or you may notice that your child holds their head in an abnormal position.

If you are worried that your child is not behaving normally, or has other symptoms that concern you, see your doctor straight away.

What causes brain tumours?

It's not known what causes brain tumours.

Occasionally, people develop brain tumours because of genetic factors, or because they've been exposed to very high doses of radiation to the head.

There is no definite link between mobile phones and brain tumours. Researchers continue to investigate the potential causes of brain tumours, including whether certain genes are important risk factors. Read more about brain tumour research at the Cure Brain Cancer Foundation.

When should I see my doctor?

See your doctor if you have persistent or worsening symptoms such as:

• frequent headaches
• seizures
• changes in vision, hearing or speech
• problems with balance or weakness on one side
• nausea
• confusion or memory changes
• personality changes

Even mild or occasional symptoms should be checked. Early assessment can help find the cause and start treatment if needed.

How is a brain tumour diagnosed?

Many people with a brain tumour first see their doctor because they don't feel well or are worried about their symptoms. Your doctor will talk to you about your symptoms and examine you. If they are concerned, they may refer you for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan of your brain to look for a tumour.

Sometimes a person might not have symptoms, but is diagnosed with a brain tumour after having a brain scan for another reason.

You may also have blood tests to check hormone levels and your overall health.

Further testing

If tests show you have a brain tumour, your doctor will refer you to a specialist. They may arrange for you to have further tests to find out more about your tumour.

These tests may include:

• a positron emission tomography (PET) scan — this checks your whole body to see if the tumour has spread
• a lumbar puncture('spinal tap') — where a sample of fluid around your brain and spinal cord is collected and tested for cancer cells
• a surgical biopsy — where a small piece of the tumour is removed while you are under anaesthetic, to be examined under a microscope

Grading brain tumours

Brain tumours are usually given a grade from 1 to 4. This suggests how quickly the tumour may grow and what the best treatment may be.

• Grade 1 tumours are benign and grow slowly.
• Grade 2 tumours are benign and grow slowly, but they may come back after treatment or get worse.
• Grade 3 and 4 tumours are malignant (cancerous), grow at a faster rate, can spread to other parts of the brain and usually come back after treatment.

How are brain tumours treated?

If you are diagnosed with a brain tumour, your doctor will discuss your treatment options with you. Depending on the type of tumour you have, treatment might aim to remove the tumour completely, slow its growth or relieve symptoms by shrinking the tumour.

Suggestions for treatment will be based on:

• your age, health and medical history
• the type, location and size of the tumour
• how fast the tumour is growing and how likely it is to spread or come back
• your symptoms
• how you may react to different therapies

You may be referred to specialists including:

• oncologist (cancer specialist)
• neurologist (brain specialist)
• neurosurgeon (brain surgeon)

The main treatments for brain tumours are:

• surgery
• radiotherapy
• chemotherapy
• medicines to control symptoms

In addition to standard treatments, doctors may suggest you consider taking part in a clinical trial. Clinical trials are research studies conducted to test new treatments. Read more about clinical trials on the Cure Brain Cancer Foundation website.

Talk with your doctor about all your treatment options, their side effects and how to manage them.

Surgery

Surgery for brain tumours aims to remove as much of the tumour as possible, ideally the entire tumour, while minimising damage to healthy parts of the brain.

Sometimes the tumour may not be able to be removed, or some of it may be left behind, because it's too close to important areas of your brain that could be damaged by surgery.

Surgery may also be necessary to:

• relieve pressure on your brain
• reduce the size of the tumour so chemotherapy or radiotherapy will be more effective

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy (radiation therapy) involves treatment with x-rays to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. Radiotherapy is often given after surgery. It is aimed carefully so that healthy brain tissue near the cancer is not damaged. Sometimes, radiotherapy is combined with chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells, while causing as little damage as possible to healthy cells.

Chemotherapy medicines for brain cancer are usually either swallowed or given through a tube inserted into your vein. They travel through the bloodstream, killing cells that grow quickly, such as cancer cells.

Chemotherapy may be used to kill cancer cells remaining after surgery, slow your brain cancer's growth, or minimise your symptoms. It is often given following surgery and can be given in combination with radiotherapy.

Medicines to control symptoms

If you have headaches or seizures, you may be given anticonvulsant medicine to manage them. Steroids are sometimes given to reduce inflammation around a brain tumour.

Palliative care

Palliative care is the name given to treatment that aims to manage your symptoms and make you as comfortable as possible, without necessarily trying to cure your cancer. Palliative care is often given when brain cancer has reached an advanced stage, but it can also be used during earlier stages of the illness.

Living with a brain tumour

Living with a brain tumour can be challenging, but many people continue to lead active lives with the right support. Treatment and symptoms can affect your energy, memory, mood, and ability to perform daily tasks, so it's important to pace yourself and ask for help when needed.

Practical strategies can make life easier, such as keeping a routine, using reminders, and planning rest periods. Emotional support is also important. Talk with family, friends, or a counsellor to help you cope with stress, anxiety, or changes in mood.

Organisations like Cancer Council Australia can provide information, support groups, and advice for you, your family and carers. You can take part in rehabilitation, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy, to help maintain your independence and quality of life.

Remember, everyone's experience is different. Regular follow-up with your healthcare team is important to manage symptoms, monitor your tumour, and adjust your treatments as needed.

What are the complications of brain tumours?

Complications depend on tumour type, size, treatments and location. Brain tumours can cause complications both from the tumour itself and from its treatment.

The tumour may press on surrounding brain tissue, causing symptoms such as:

• weakness
• difficulty speaking
• vision or hearing changes
• balance problems
• memory loss
• seizures

Other complications may include changes in hormone levels if the tumour affects the pituitary gland. Swelling around the brain may also occur and could need medication to reduce pressure.

Regular follow-up with your healthcare team is important to monitor for these complications and manage them promptly.

Symptoms caused by treatment for brain tumours

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other treatments can produce symptoms themselves, while they work to reduce the impact of the tumour.

For example, radiotherapy has side effects including nausea and headaches. Chemotherapy commonly causes side effects such as vomiting and fatigue. Talk to your healthcare team about how to manage these symptoms.

Can brain tumours be prevented?

There is currently no guaranteed way to prevent brain tumours. Most brain tumours occur for reasons that are not fully understood.

You may help reduce your risk by avoiding unnecessary exposure to high-dose ionising radiation, such as certain types of medical imaging.

You should maintain a healthy lifestyle including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding or quitting smoking to support your overall health, but there is no evidence that it specifically prevents brain tumours.

Have regular check-ups and seek prompt medical advice for new or unusual symptoms to help detect problems early.

Resources and support

Being diagnosed with a brain tumour or brain cancer can be overwhelming. Talking to others who have had similar experiences or speaking with a counsellor can help. Learning more about your condition and treatment options may also help you cope.

Australian health organisations that support people with brain tumours or brain cancer:

• Cancer Council — Support and services
• Cure Brain Cancer Foundation — Psychosocial health
• BrainChild — Advice for newly diagnosed families

The Cancer Council also provides a comprehensive guide for understanding brain tumours.

You can also call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available to speak with you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Languages other than English

These groups offer services and information in languages other than English:

• The Brain Tumour Alliance — Multicultural support
• Cancer Council Multilingual resources
• Cancer Australia offers culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) cancer resources

Information for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples

The Cancer Council has developed resources for you to get the information, support and care you need.

Visit Our Mob and Cancer for information on diagnosis, treatment and support for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples affected by cancer.