Do COVID-19 vaccines have any side effects?

You may experience minor side effects following vaccination against COVID-19. Most side effects last no more than a couple of days and you'll recover without any problems.

Some people will have more significant flu-like symptoms — for example: fever, chills, muscle pain and feeling tired. These people may need a rest from normal activities.

These symptoms may occur after either dose, but they are more common after the second dose of Pfizer's Comirnaty vaccine and Moderna’s Spikevax vaccine.

If you experience pain at the injection site, fever, headaches or body aches in the first 1 to 2 days after vaccination, you can take paracetamol to help reduce any of these symptoms. You don’t need to take paracetamol or ibuprofen before vaccination. If there’s swelling at the injection site, you can use a cold compress.

All injectable vaccines have the potential for an allergic reaction after you are injected. Some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction include:

• rash, itching or hives on the skin
• swelling of the face, lips, tongue or other parts of the body
• shortness of breath, wheezing or difficulty breathing
• fainting, dizziness or feeling lightheaded (due to a drop in blood pressure)

Serious reactions, such as allergic reactions, are extremely rare. If you have any concerns about your vaccination, ask your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

You should seek medical attention after vaccination if:

• you think you are having an allergic reaction. Call triple zero (000) if you experience severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, a fast heartbeat or collapse
• you’re worried about a potential side effect or have new or unexpected symptoms
• you have an expected side effect of the vaccine that hasn’t gone away after a few days

For symptoms that aren’t urgent, you can see your regular healthcare provider — usually your GP. Be sure to tell your doctor that you’ve recently received the vaccination.

You can also enter your symptoms into the healthdirect Side Effect Checker.

Vaccines

Other side effects not listed here may occur in some people.

Moderna vaccine side effects

Common side effects after the Moderna vaccine include:

• pain at the injection site
• tiredness
• headache
• muscle pain
• fever and chills
• joint pain

Less common side effects after Moderna include:

• redness or swelling at the injection site
• swelling or tenderness in the armpit
• nausea/vomiting
• enlarged lymph nodes

These symptoms may occur after either dose but are more common after the second dose.

Pfizer vaccine side effects

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has provisionally approved the Pfizer vaccine.

Common side effects include:

• pain or swelling at the injection site
• tiredness
• headache
• muscle pain
• fever and chills
• joint pain

Less common side effects may include:

• redness or itching at the injection site
• nausea
• enlarged lymph nodes
• feeling unwell
• pain in limb
• insomnia

Novavax vaccine side effects

Common side effects include:

• redness or swelling at the injection site
• nausea
• fever
• nausea or vomiting

Less common side effects include:

• pain or tenderness at the injection site
• tiredness
• headache
• muscle or joint pain
• generally feeling unwell

It’s not yet known if there are any other rare side effects after Novavax vaccine. This is because only relatively small numbers of people have received this vaccine worldwide. More information will be available over time.

For non-urgent symptoms, you can see your regular healthcare provider.

Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine side effects

AstraZeneca’s Vaxzevria vaccine is no longer available.

Common side effects may include:

• tenderness, pain, swelling, redness, itching or swelling at the injection site
• feeling unwell
• tiredness
• chills or fever
• headache
• nausea
• muscle pain
• joint pain

Less common side effects may include:

• enlarged lymph nodes
• pain in limb
• dizziness
• decreased appetite
• stomach pain

Rare side effects that have been reported after vaccination with the AstraZeneca vaccine include:

A very rare and unusual blood-clotting condition called thrombosis with thrombocytopenia (TTS) has been reported following vaccination with the AstraZeneca vaccine. It is different to other blood-clotting conditions, such as deep-vein thrombosis (DVT).

The symptoms of TTS typically appear between 4 and 42 days after vaccination. People with this condition are very unwell and need to go to hospital, where TTS can be treated effectively.

Symptoms of TTS may include:

• headache that persists for more than 48 hours after vaccination, or appears later than 48 hours after vaccination, which:
• may be relieved by simple painkillers initially, but then persists
• may be worse when lying down
• may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting
• blurred vision
• difficulty speaking
• difficulty breathing
• drowsiness
• seizures or confusion
• chest pain
• swelling in your leg
• persistent abdominal (stomach) pain
• tiny blood spots under the skin, away from the site of injection

Call triple zero (000) if you experience severe allergic reactions symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, a fast heartbeat or collapse.

If you experience any side effect and you're worried, speak to your doctor.

Do people experience heart conditions after COVID 19 vaccines?

There is a small increased risk of myocarditis and/or pericarditis after vaccination with all COVID-19 vaccines. This includes mRNA vaccines like Pfizer and Moderna, and non-mRNA vaccines like AstraZeneca and Novavax.

Pericarditis and myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccines is rare. It has mostly been reported in males between 16-40 years of age, and usually within 1-5 days after the second dose. However, these conditions can occur in both females and males, at any age, and after any dose, including a third or fourth dose.

Most of the reported cases of myocarditis and pericarditis linked to COVID-19 vaccination have been mild — and patients have recovered quickly.

Get medical attention if you experience symptoms suggestive of heart inflammation — such as chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitations. Palpitations feel like your heart is racing, thumping, or skipping beats. Usually, these symptoms have occurred within 1 to 5 days of vaccination.

mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna)

There is a small increased risk of myocarditis and/or pericarditis after vaccination with an mRNA vaccine (Pfizer or Moderna). The risk is higher with Moderna than with Pfizer and more common after the second dose of Moderna than with the second dose of Pfizer (and non mRNA vaccine AstraZeneca).

An 8 week interval between dose one and two is recommended to reduce any potential risk, particularly in males aged 12 to 39 years.

Non-mRNA vaccines (AstraZeneca and Novavax)

Astra Zeneca

AstraZeneca’s Vaxzevria vaccine is no longer available.

Novavax

Myocarditis and/or pericarditis can occur after Novavax and a small number of cases have been reported in clinical trials. Not as many doses have been given compared to the other vaccines worldwide which means not as much information is available regarding how common the risk is after Novavax. Authorities are still monitoring this.

An 8 week interval between dose one and two is recommended to reduce any potential risk, particularly in males aged 12 to 39 years.

If you are concerned, the best person to speak with about this is your doctor.

How do I report vaccine side effects?

You can report suspected side effects to your vaccination provider or other healthcare professional. They will then make a formal report on your behalf to your state or territory health department or directly to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).

If you would prefer to report side effects yourself, visit the TGA website and follow the directions here: tga.gov.au/reporting-problems. By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of these vaccines.

Do I need to be vaccinated to travel overseas?

Australian citizens and permanent residents can travel overseas. However, some countries, airlines and ships may have rules, including that people show proof of COVID-19 vaccination to enter. You should check their rules before travelling.

Learn more about COVID-19 travel restrictions.

How do I access my vaccination certificate and how do I prove my vaccination?

There are 3 different types of proof available that you can get for free:

• a COVID-19 digital certificate
• your immunisation history statement (IHS)
• an International COVID-19 Vaccination Certificate for overseas travel

COVID-19 digital certificate

You can get a COVID-19 digital certificate after you’ve had all required COVID-19 vaccine doses in the required timeframe. The digital certificate only shows COVID-19 vaccines that are approved for use in Australia. Your digital vaccination certificate is updated when you receive each dose of vaccine. This includes a third dose if you are someone with severe immunocompromised, or your booster dose.

If you’ve had mixed doses of approved vaccines, you can use your COVID-19 digital certificate or immunisation history statement as proof.

Your vaccination provider needs to report your vaccination information to the Australian Immunisation Register (see above) before you can get a digital certificate.

There are several ways to access your COVID-19 digital certificate:

• via the Express Plus Medicare mobile app — which you can download from the App Store or Google Play
• a print-ready version of the COVID-19 digital certificate is available through:
  • your myGov account at my.gov.au
  • the Express Plus Medicare mobile app
  • your Individual Healthcare Identifier (IHI) — see ‘If you don’t have Medicare’, below
• you can get a print-ready version of the COVID-19 digital certificate from your vaccination provider
• access via My Health Record

Your COVID-19 digital certificate features:

• your name and date of birth
• your IHI — people who have Medicare are also automatically given an IHI. This is because you may have several family members with the same Medicare number.
• a document number — a unique number assigned each time the certificate is downloaded
• a ‘valid from’ date
• the type and dates of your vaccinations

You can add your COVID-19 digital certificate to your Apple Wallet or Google Pay using either:

• the Express Plus Medicare mobile app
• your Medicare online account through myGov

Immunisation history statement

Once you've had your COVID-19 vaccination, it will be recorded in the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR). Previously it was voluntary for health providers to add vaccinations to the AIR but due to new legislation, adding all vaccinations — including for COVID-19 — will be mandatory.

Your immunisation history statement is a record of all of your vaccinations that have been added to the Australian Immunisation Register — this will include your COVID-19 vaccination.

If you’ve only had one dose of an approved COVID-19 vaccine, you’ll need to use your immunisation history statement as proof. Once you’ve had all required doses, your digital certificate will be available.

You can access your immunisation history statement online through the myGov website or the Express Plus Medicare mobile app — which you can download from the App Store or Google Play. It can be printed or downloaded as proof of your vaccination. If you can’t access myGov or the Medicare app, your doctor or vaccination provider can print your immunisation history statement for you.

You can also call the AIR and ask them to send your statement to you. It can take up to 14 days to arrive in the post. Contact AIR on 1800 653 809, Monday to Friday, 8am to 5pm.

International COVID-19 Vaccination Certificate

You can get your international certificate when you're getting ready to travel overseas if both of these apply:

• you have a current Australian passport or foreign passport with an Australian visa
• you've had at least one dose of an approved COVID-19 vaccine

Your vaccination provider needs to report your COVID-19 vaccinations to the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) before you can get your international certificate.

If you’ve a current Australian passport, or foreign passport with an Australian visa, you can get an international certificate using either your Medicare online account through myGov or the Express Plus Medicare mobile app.

If you're not eligible for Medicare, you can get your international certificate by calling the AIR on 1800 653 809, Monday to Friday between 8am and 5pm, or visiting a Services Australia service centre. To find a service centre, go to findus.servicesaustralia.gov.au.

If you need to talk to someone in your language when making a call to Services Australia, Medicare or the Australian Immunisation Register, you can use the Translating and Interpreting Service. Call them on 131 450, Monday to Friday, 8am to 5pm.

If you don’t have Medicare

If you’re not eligible for Medicare, you’ll need an Individual Healthcare Identifier (IHI). You’ll then be able to get your immunisation history statement through your myGov account.

There are 2 ways to get an IHI: online through your myGov account at my.gov.au; or using the form at servicesaustralia.gov.au.

For more information about your COVID-19 vaccination records, visit the COVID-19 vaccinations section at servicesaustralia.gov.au.

What if I don’t want my information in the Australian Immunisation Register?

You must have your vaccinations recorded in the Register, as per the Australian Immunisation Register Act.

However, you can request to not have your personal information further disclosed from the Register. Go to servicesaustralia.gov.au and search for the form ‘IM017’.

Do I need to get tested following vaccination if I develop symptoms?

Some side effects from COVID-19 vaccination, such as fever, might be similar to symptoms of COVID-19 itself. However, neither of the vaccines contain any live SARS-CoV-2 virus and can’t cause COVID-19.

You may not need to get a COVID-19 test or isolate:

• if you develop general symptoms such as fever, headache or tiredness in the first 2 days after vaccination, and
• if you are sure that you don’t have any respiratory symptoms (such as runny nose, cough, sore throat, loss of smell or loss of taste)

However, you should check the current guidelines in your state or territory for the most up-to-date information. This advice may change in the event of a COVID-19 outbreak in your local area.

You may still need to get a COVID-19 test if you meet other criteria — for example, if you are a close contact of someone who has tested positive, if you have been advised to do so by a health professional, or if you go to school or work where there is a COVID-19 surveillance program in place.