Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Key facts
- The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a joint on either side of your jaw, connecting your jaw to your skull.
- TMJ dysfunction is when there is a problem with your TMJ or the muscles around your jaw.
- Symptoms of TMJ dysfunction include jaw pain, clicking or grating sounds when you chew and a locking feeling when opening or closing your mouth.
- TMJ dysfunction may be caused by an injury to your jaw, teeth grinding or having an uneven bite.
- Treatment for TMJ dysfunction includes avoiding movements that aggravate your TMJ, pain relief medicines and wearing a mouthguard when you sleep.
What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the joint on either side of your jaw, connecting your jaw to your skull. The TMJ joint can move in multiple directions, allowing you to:
- speak
- eat
- swallow
- make facial expressions
What is TMJ dysfunction?
TMJ dysfunction is when you have a:
- problem with the muscles around your TMJ
- problem with the TMJ
- combination of joint and muscle problems
It's common to have TMJ dysfunction. Nearly half of all people experience jaw dysfunction at some stage during their life.
What are the symptoms of TMJ dysfunction?
The symptoms of TMJ dysfunction include:
- pain in your jaw, especially when eating
- an ache or pain in front of your ear
- a locking sensation in your jaw, making it difficult to open your mouth
- a clicking or grating noise when you chew
- an uncomfortable or uneven bite
- hearing problems, such as tinnitus (ringing in your ears)
- swelling around your TMJ
You may notice your symptoms are worse when you are stressed or anxious.
CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS — Use the Symptom Checker and find out if you need to seek medical help.
What causes TMJ dysfunction?
TMJ dysfunction can be caused by:
- an injury to your jaw, head or neck
- an uneven bite
- jaw clenching or teeth grinding, which may be linked to stress or anxiety
- wear and tear of your TMJ, usually caused by osteoarthritis
- other joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout
- dental (tooth) issues, such as new fillings or dentures that may cause you to have an uneven bite
You might have TMJ dysfunction without any obvious cause.
When should I see my doctor?
See your doctor if you have symptoms of TMJ dysfunction, or you are worried about any changes in your mouth or jaw.
ASK YOUR DOCTOR — Preparing for an appointment? Use the Question Builder for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.
When to seek urgent care
Seek urgent care if you have symptoms of TMJ dysfunction, as well as:
- vision problems, such as double vision or blurred vision
- difficulty eating or drinking
- frequent and severe headaches
FIND A HEALTH SERVICE — The Service Finder can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.
How is TMJ dysfunction diagnosed?
Your doctor can diagnose TMJ dysfunction. Your doctor will:
- discuss your symptoms
- carefully examine your jaw
- ask about your medical history
Your doctor may recommend further tests, such as:
How is TMJ dysfunction treated?
In most cases, TMJ dysfunction improves over time. Your symptoms may go away without needing treatment.
You can help improve your symptoms by avoiding things that can aggravate your TMJ.
You should:
- eat soft foods
- avoid biting your nails
- cut all food into small pieces
- avoid clenching your jaw
- avoid opening your mouth wide
- avoid chewing gum
Medicines for TMJ dysfunction
Your doctor might suggest taking pain relief medicines or anti-inflammatory medicines.
Talk with your pharmacist about using anti-inflammatory gel that can be applied to the skin around your jaw.
Other treatment options
Other treatment options for TMJ dysfunction include:
- relaxation techniques to help relieve stress and anxiety. A psychologist can teach you how to use these techniques.
- gentle jaw-strengthening exercises to help improve your jaw movement. A physiotherapist can show you which exercises are right for you.
- wearing a specifically designed mouthguard while you sleep, to help prevent teeth grinding. A dentist or an orthodontist can create a mouth guard suitable for you.
What are the complications of TMJ dysfunction?
If your TMJ dysfunction does not get better after a few weeks, it can lead to chronic (long-term) jaw pain. Chronic jaw pain can be distressing and may require surgery.
Can TMJ dysfunction be prevented?
You can help prevent TMJ dysfunction by:
- managing your stress and anxiety levels
- visiting your dentist regularly to prevent dental problems
- using a mouthguard at night if you grind your teeth
Resources and support
Visit The Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (ANZAOMS) to learn more about temporomandibular joint disorders.
You can also call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available to speak with you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content.
Last reviewed: November 2025
