Bone density scan (DEXA or DXA scan)
7-minute read
Key facts
- A bone density scan (DEXA or DXA scan) is a medical test used to help diagnose osteoporosis.
- Osteoporosis is a condition where the building blocks that make up your bones have become weakened, leading to lower bone density.
- Because they have low bone density, people living with osteoporosis have more fragile bones, which are more likely to fracture (break).
- Bone density scans are common, painless and safe.
- The cost of a DEXA bone density scan is sometimes covered by Medicare.
What is a bone density scan?
Low bone density happens when the building blocks that make up your bone tissue become weaker over time. People with low bone density have more fragile bones, which increases the risk of bone fractures (broken bones).
Low bone density is a common symptom of osteoporosis.
A bone density scan is a medical test used to help diagnose osteoporosis. Bone density scans are also used to work out how likely it is that you will develop osteoporosis in the future.
When is a bone density scan used?
If you are at risk of getting osteoporosis, your doctor might refer you for a bone density scan.
People with a higher chance of getting osteoporosis include males over the age of 60 years and females over the age of 50 years who also have one or more of the following:
- a family history of a fragility fracture
- smoke, or drink alcohol above healthy levels
- vitamin D or calcium deficiency
- low body weight
- recurrent falls
- immobile (you can't walk or do housework without help) or have low levels of physical activity
- long term use of corticosteroid therapy or some other medicines
Some medical conditions can also put you at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Such as:
Your doctor will talk to you about your history and assess your overall fracture risk.
ASK YOUR DOCTOR — Preparing for an appointment? Use the Question Builder for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist.
Is a bone density scan safe?
A bone density scan is a low-risk procedure. It involves very little radiation — much less than occurs during other x-ray scans.
What happens during a bone density scan?
A bone density scan is done using a special type of x-ray called a dual energy x-ray (DXA or DEXA).
A bone density scan will usually take about 20 minutes. This involves measuring the bone density in your lumbar spine (the lower part of your back), hip and sometimes your forearm. Scanning these bones is the best way to assess your risk of fractures and your overall bone density.
You do not need to get undressed during the test, but you should wear loose-fitting clothing. Ensure your clothing has no metal parts, and that you have no items in your pockets. Do not wear metal jewellery.
Results of the test will be sent to your doctor.
What does a bone density scan feel like?
During the test you will need to lie on a flat, padded table while the arm of the DXA or DEXA machine passes over your body. The test does not hurt. You may not feel anything at all.
What do the results of my bone density scan mean?
Your doctor will look at your results and explain them to you.
The result of your bone density scan is usually presented as a score called a 'T- score'.
- A T-score of -1 or above is normal.
- A score between -1 and -2.5 means you have lower than normal bone density (osteopenia). This means you may develop osteoporosis in the future.
- A T-score of -2.5 or below means you already have osteoporosis.
Your doctor can use your T-score, and other information to help determine your overall risk of having a fracture. Other information that they might look at includes:
- the number of falls you've had over the last year
- the number of fractures you've had since the age of 50 years
- your age and sex
If you have a higher than average risk of fracture you may need treatment with osteoporosis medicines. Your doctor may suggest some changes to your lifestyle. They will explain how much vitamin D, calcium and exercise you need.
What does a bone density scan cost?
If you are aged over 70 years or have certain medical conditions, you are eligible for a Medicare rebate for your bone density scan. Your doctor can check if you are covered.
If Medicare does not cover the cost, you will need to pay the full amount yourself.
If Medicare covers the cost of your bone density scan, you may be able to repeat the test every 12 to 24 months to monitor your progress. Your doctor will tell you how often you will need to have the test.
How can I get my bone density checked?
You will need your doctor or specialist to refer you for this test. The doctor will assess you and decide if you need a bone density scan.
Bone density scans are widely available through
- most medical imaging providers (where x-rays and ultrasounds are also available)
- radiology centres
- public hospitals
- some specialist practices
- some rural areas have a mobile bone density testing service
Are there alternatives to a bone density scan?
There are other ways to test your bone density. The main options are different types of CT scan. A CT scan creates 3D images of the body. Discuss with your doctor which option is most suitable for you.
Resources and support
Find out more from the following resources.
Check your bone health now with an online self-assessment to review risk factors for poor bone health, developed by Healthy Bones Australia and the Garvan Institute of Medical Research.
Find out more information about bone density scans at Healthy Bones Australia
For more about physiotherapy and bone health, visit the Australian Physiotherapy Association.
For advice and help building a nutritional diet to suit your needs, visit Dietitians Australia.
Read more about osteoporosis in Australia at AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare).
You can also call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available to speak with you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.